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all right our last presentation before

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the panel discussion is by jin hyung and

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she is a doctoral candidate in the

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department of history and

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art history at george mason university

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she's working on her phd which will also

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be looking at questions of public

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perception and the mass media during

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several more of nasa's science missions

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that are mentioned in this talk

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which is entitled

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voyager exploring through the public eye

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but i know she's going to talk about

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alright so how the public gets

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information has certainly evolved over

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the last 30 years

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in the 1970s the public relied on

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newspapers for information and

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television featured only three major

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networks

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focusing on newspapers the voyager

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mission illustrates the process of how

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the mass media disseminated scientific

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discoveries to the public

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the voyager mission sent twin spacecraft

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to take advantage of an outer planetary

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alignment of jupiter saturn uranus and

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neptune that occurs approximately once

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in every 175 years

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voyager 1 launched on august 1977

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arrived at jupiter in march 1979 and

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then saturn in november 1980.

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i'll also examine the media coverage for

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galileo's mission's return to jupiter in

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1995 and cassini's return to saturn in

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2004.

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i'm hoping to show you a few of the

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significant changes in science

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communication through the evolution in

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mass media as well as hinted what's

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happening in the public attitudes

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towards science

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press releases and press briefings acted

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as a conduit for journalists to gain

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information about a mission the major

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newspapers published stories written

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usually by consistent journalists on the

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staff that followed space news

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the articles carried different tones

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according to the writer's style and

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readership and often the more

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what do i mean by popularizing science

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los angeles times science writer george

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alexander provides an excellent example

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in his article for voyager 1's arrival

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at jupiter published on march 1

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1979. he starts the article

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like a sailboat cresting a reef and

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entering the lagoon of some pacific

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island the voyager 1 spacecraft passed

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through the bow shock of jupiter

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wednesday and slipped inside the big

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planet's magnetic environment

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the simile makes a real world connection

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to something most may have difficulty

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imagining and goes on to further explain

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the bow shock

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it also hints that the risks inherent to

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the spacecraft before it successfully

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reaches its destination

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popularization isn't perfect i'm sure

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that sailors or engineers might point

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out that the problems in making this

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analogy

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however these stories usually contain

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understandable writing analogies as well

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as enthusiasm which relates to a wider

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public audience than the audience that's

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already interested in learning about

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things like this

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during the planetary encounters the

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media coverage shifted from the planned

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science objectives to the actual

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scientific discoveries and images

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the press releases and briefings

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increased in technical and scientific

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detail science journalists however

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compensated for the detail by imbuing

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emotional values surprise and wonder to

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the news and personifying the science

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whenever possible through quotes and

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interviews

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newspapers also chose to emphasize

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articles through their placement within

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the publication such as the front page

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or special sections

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although the mass media could not obtain

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their own images using photographers

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like most other earthly news events

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editors determine space and placement

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for the dramatic images like this one of

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here are a couple examples of headline

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news the

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first ones to the left and the middle

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one are from the new york times both by

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john noble wilford the first published

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on sunday march 4th

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1979

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and

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the middle one on march 6 1979 which is

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a tuesday

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the one on the right is from the

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washington post also on march 6.

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forager images appear on the front page

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of these newspapers drawing readers to

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continue the story inside

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if you note

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the first image in the second image you

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really only get the image and you don't

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get much of the story you have caption

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and it tells you to keep reading inside

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it's only the one on the right where you

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start getting the first few paragraphs

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of the story and continued inside

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the other headlines on the page will

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include president carter's mediation of

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a peace treaty between egypt and israel

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and china's withdrawal from

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vietnam john noble wilford had a

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remarkable career at the new york times

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since 1965 and although retired as a

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senior science correspondent still

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writes about science news today

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wolford has a more informational style

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in this reporting he uses simple

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description combined with facts

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like the robot spacecraft sped within a

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hundred and seventy four thousand

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hundred thousand miles of the

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multi-colored clouds of jupiter and with

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its television cameras looked deep into

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the eye of the huge hurricane-like

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feature known as the great red spot

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wolford uses quotes as a vehicle for

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emotion such as citing we've had a total

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success exclaimed dr edward c stone the

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project's chief scientist at the press

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conference

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he also quotes dr bradford smith from

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the university of arizona saying

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when he displayed the latest color

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photograph of the disc of io with its

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deep reds and yellow and a mingling of

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dark spots he joked that's better

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thomas o'toole repeats the same quotes

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by dr stone dr smith which reminds me

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that sound bites aren't exclusively

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found in television

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o'toole emphasizes the mysteries

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beguiling scientists especially

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jupiter's moon io which he quotes dr

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lawrence a souterblom of the u.s

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geological survey

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saying as one of the strangest bodies in

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the solar system

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these articles emphasize the newness of

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the color images despite being

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republished in black and white medium

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the questions raised by prior research

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on ground-based telescopes that might

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get answers

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and the new questions still yet to be

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addressed

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the newspaper editorials generally seem

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to agree that this exploration holds

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some fundamental value for humanity

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as the los angeles times editorial so

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eloquently states

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like monkeys in a dark box

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we use voyager as a window into the

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blackness of space

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we want to see what's out there from the

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standpoint the exploration of space is

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no high-priced public public relations

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gimmick or cockeyed race with the

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russians rather it is a fundamental

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expression of human nature a few billion

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dollars a year seems a small price to

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from hollywood star wars and close

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encounters of the third kind arrived in

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movie theaters in 1977.

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carl sagan had reached enormous

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popularity and his television show

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cosmos a personal voyage would air from

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september to december 1980

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ajpl intraoffice memo cited

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voyager 1's encounter with saturn one

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month ago produced media response

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without parallel in the unmanned space

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exploration program

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the total potential tv viewing audience

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was estimated at 100 million persons on

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four continents

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voyager represents traditional media

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reporting where the journalists flocked

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to get news about the mission when

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public affairs worked with the

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journalists to provide backgrounders and

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hold press briefings and the journalists

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became the primary communicator for

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shifting forward galileo's news coverage

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followed very similar patterns in the

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print media

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although pioneer and voyager completed

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flybys galileo became the first

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spacecraft to remain in orbit around

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jupiter and send a descent probe into

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the atmosphere in 1995.

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before reaching its destination galileo

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flew by venus and earth from 1990 to

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1992

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traveled to an asteroid in 1991 and

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discovered a moon on another asteroid in

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1993 and also covered the comet

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shoemaker levy 9 in 1994

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galileo received extra pre-launch cut

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news coverage because of its many

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unfortunate delays and cost overruns

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before its launch in 1989.

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galileo's high gain antenna also failed

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to fully open on its long voyage and the

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multiple attempts to remedy the issue

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received coverage as well

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this is an example going forward a

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little bit more than the slide that will

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published on july 22nd 1996 and it's

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galileo spin on driven moons and it was

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a half page feature and you'll not note

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at the top it's nicely labeled science

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with a little print underneath it this

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is astronomy

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and looking at what's on the front page

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the front page actually has

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information about the olympics that year

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and the failure to find transworld

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airlines flight 800 flight recorders

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so this is

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a couple pages within the front page of

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this is a word cloud for some

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subset of galileo text taken from the

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new york times and washington post from

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december 3rd 1995 to january 24th 1996.

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an attempt to gather information in new

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ways i tried using this word cloud to

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visually interpret textual data and it

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makes frequent works bigger which can

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vary depending on the algorithm used to

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determine their importance

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the next slide actually shows a more

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organized variation where we can see

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here i'm going

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pick out another pair of front page

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articles to examine a bit from december

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8th 1995.

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from the new york times wilford

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published probe pierce's jupiter's

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clouds and first interior look at planet

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he quotes dr william o'neill the project

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manager as being ecstatic and dr

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torrance johnson the chief project

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scientist saying

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this is really neat

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wilfred reminds his readers about the

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antenna failure that will result in

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fewer pictures and none before next

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summer although software advances will

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allow the mission to complete 70 percent

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of its science objectives

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the washington post staff writer kathy

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sawyer published galileo starts tour of

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giant planet after six year trek

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spacecraft first to transmit from drove

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in skies

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00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:08,000
she poetically uses descriptions like

285
00:11:12,949 --> 00:11:10,880
the first tiny emissary to send messages

286
00:11:15,750 --> 00:11:12,959
from inside the atmosphere of an outer

287
00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:15,760
planet and also kamikaze probe

288
00:11:19,829 --> 00:11:18,480
dispatched from the mother ship

289
00:11:21,990 --> 00:11:19,839
she relayed the importance of the

290
00:11:24,630 --> 00:11:22,000
research as understanding the planet's

291
00:11:26,870 --> 00:11:24,640
evolution by looking at a planet that

292
00:11:29,110 --> 00:11:26,880
retained more primeval characteristics

293
00:11:31,430 --> 00:11:29,120
like a rosetta stone

294
00:11:34,630 --> 00:11:31,440
the article focused on the probe's path

295
00:11:37,030 --> 00:11:34,640
to descent like a celestial ballet as

296
00:11:39,110 --> 00:11:37,040
described by william o'neill

297
00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:39,120
sawyer also mentions a quote from carl

298
00:11:43,829 --> 00:11:41,200
sagan from a televised chat where he

299
00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:43,839
says it's a very exciting moment to be

300
00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:47,360
alive and interested in these issues

301
00:11:51,190 --> 00:11:48,720
going back to the data from the word

302
00:11:53,910 --> 00:11:51,200
cloud we see some unremarkable words

303
00:11:55,829 --> 00:11:53,920
like scientists or atmosphere

304
00:11:58,150 --> 00:11:55,839
minutes gets repeated from both the

305
00:11:59,190 --> 00:11:58,160
orbital insertion and communications

306
00:12:02,069 --> 00:11:59,200
time

307
00:12:05,269 --> 00:12:02,079
billion refers to the 1.3 billion dollar

308
00:12:07,030 --> 00:12:05,279
price tag and 2.3 billion miles traveled

309
00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:07,040
since launch

310
00:12:10,389 --> 00:12:08,800
while this method gives me the common

311
00:12:12,230 --> 00:12:10,399
words it turns out the uncommon

312
00:12:14,790 --> 00:12:12,240
descriptions seem much more interesting

313
00:12:16,790 --> 00:12:14,800
to see what these writers use to explain

314
00:12:18,550 --> 00:12:16,800
complex phenomena in so many different

315
00:12:20,629 --> 00:12:18,560
ways

316
00:12:22,790 --> 00:12:20,639
the galileo mission at this particular

317
00:12:25,269 --> 00:12:22,800
time seemed less immediate and

318
00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:25,279
definitive from long delays and data and

319
00:12:28,470 --> 00:12:26,480
images

320
00:12:30,310 --> 00:12:28,480
in addition to technical issues the

321
00:12:33,110 --> 00:12:30,320
federal government shut down and delayed

322
00:12:36,069 --> 00:12:33,120
the initial briefing from december 19 to

323
00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:36,079
january 22nd which is why

324
00:12:44,550 --> 00:12:38,480
the articles for this particular mission

325
00:12:48,710 --> 00:12:46,790
moving on to cassini the cassini mission

326
00:12:50,710 --> 00:12:48,720
became an international endeavor between

327
00:12:52,389 --> 00:12:50,720
nasa the european space agency and the

328
00:12:54,949 --> 00:12:52,399
italian space agency

329
00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:54,959
the cassini spacecraft also carried the

330
00:12:59,110 --> 00:12:57,120
huygens probe that would be released

331
00:13:00,389 --> 00:12:59,120
into the atmosphere of titan saturn's

332
00:13:03,269 --> 00:13:00,399
largest moon

333
00:13:06,310 --> 00:13:03,279
cassini-huygens launched on october 15

334
00:13:10,470 --> 00:13:06,320
1997 and finally arrived at saturn on

335
00:13:16,310 --> 00:13:13,990
now this is an example of a article

336
00:13:18,949 --> 00:13:16,320
published by john noble wilford in the

337
00:13:22,949 --> 00:13:18,959
new york times 31 moons now close enough

338
00:13:24,949 --> 00:13:22,959
to touch on june 15 2004 this is about

339
00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:24,959
two weeks before

340
00:13:28,069 --> 00:13:26,160
cassini

341
00:13:29,910 --> 00:13:28,079
makes it to saturn you get the initial

342
00:13:32,150 --> 00:13:29,920
photos from that

343
00:13:33,990 --> 00:13:32,160
and i have this here because i want to

344
00:13:35,670 --> 00:13:34,000
point out

345
00:13:37,829 --> 00:13:35,680
for newspapers there's something called

346
00:13:39,509 --> 00:13:37,839
above the fold and below the fold above

347
00:13:42,069 --> 00:13:39,519
the fold

348
00:13:43,910 --> 00:13:42,079
here on this particular page well it is

349
00:13:46,389 --> 00:13:43,920
the science time so it's still within

350
00:13:48,310 --> 00:13:46,399
the newspaper but for the front page of

351
00:13:49,910 --> 00:13:48,320
this particular section you have

352
00:13:51,829 --> 00:13:49,920
something about hair

353
00:13:53,910 --> 00:13:51,839
restoration techniques

354
00:13:56,710 --> 00:13:53,920
which apparently to the editors was more

355
00:13:58,150 --> 00:13:56,720
important than this preview of saturn's

356
00:14:01,829 --> 00:13:58,160
moons

357
00:14:03,590 --> 00:14:01,839
and also inside and a couple pages later

358
00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:03,600
i found interesting there's an article

359
00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:06,480
by kenneth chang made making science

360
00:14:11,750 --> 00:14:09,600
fact now chronicling science fiction

361
00:14:14,310 --> 00:14:11,760
and it's about donna shirley who managed

362
00:14:16,230 --> 00:14:14,320
the mars exploration program and led the

363
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:16,240
team that built the bars pathfinder

364
00:14:19,189 --> 00:14:17,600
rover

365
00:14:21,110 --> 00:14:19,199
has become the new director for the

366
00:14:22,550 --> 00:14:21,120
science fiction museum and hall of fame

367
00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:22,560
in seattle

368
00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:24,240
and there's some comments in there about

369
00:14:28,389 --> 00:14:26,160
using science fiction to excite and

370
00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:28,399
teach people about science

371
00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:30,320
so i have this particular example

372
00:14:37,110 --> 00:14:32,480
because i i like the juxtaposition of

373
00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:39,670
the 1997 mars pathfinder landing may

374
00:14:43,910 --> 00:14:41,440
have become the first event to make the

375
00:14:45,829 --> 00:14:43,920
ground breaking transition into digital

376
00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:45,839
media and redefine how the general

377
00:14:50,750 --> 00:14:48,320
public learns about outer space

378
00:14:54,230 --> 00:14:50,760
the new york times reported

379
00:14:56,069 --> 00:14:54,240
566 million hits in 30 days and 47

380
00:14:57,910 --> 00:14:56,079
million hits as the highest number on a

381
00:15:02,949 --> 00:14:57,920
single day which surpassed the

382
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:06,389
here's the artistic word cloud

383
00:15:12,230 --> 00:15:09,680
and here's a more readable one

384
00:15:14,069 --> 00:15:12,240
this was generated again from selected

385
00:15:16,150 --> 00:15:14,079
articles from the new york times and

386
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:16,160
washington post and this time it's from

387
00:15:27,990 --> 00:15:24,870
voyager rep

388
00:15:29,829 --> 00:15:28,000
wrong page by 2004 i can't just talk

389
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:29,839
about newspapers anymore as a source for

390
00:15:33,829 --> 00:15:31,360
information because we're firmly into

391
00:15:35,269 --> 00:15:33,839
the digital age while newspapers sources

392
00:15:37,430 --> 00:15:35,279
decreased i'm finding more short

393
00:15:40,470 --> 00:15:37,440
mentions on cable news shows and

394
00:15:42,629 --> 00:15:40,480
web publications like space daily during

395
00:15:45,030 --> 00:15:42,639
the 64 hours around the saturn orbit

396
00:15:47,230 --> 00:15:45,040
insertion period space ref

397
00:15:49,749 --> 00:15:47,240
reported

398
00:15:51,590 --> 00:15:49,759
136.6 million hits to the mission's

399
00:15:53,910 --> 00:15:51,600
website

400
00:15:55,430 --> 00:15:53,920
when huygens landed on titan issa

401
00:15:56,509 --> 00:15:55,440
reported on their website that they

402
00:15:58,230 --> 00:15:56,519
received

403
00:16:00,949 --> 00:15:58,240
919

404
00:16:06,069 --> 00:16:00,959
000 visitors external visitors and 6.8

405
00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:06,079
million page views on january 15 2005.

406
00:16:10,230 --> 00:16:08,560
looking at this word cloud carolyn porco

407
00:16:12,470 --> 00:16:10,240
lead for the cassini imaging team

408
00:16:13,990 --> 00:16:12,480
appears because she gets quoted a lot in

409
00:16:15,749 --> 00:16:14,000
the news coverage

410
00:16:17,910 --> 00:16:15,759
wilford quotes her about the beauty and

411
00:16:19,670 --> 00:16:17,920
clarity in the black and white images as

412
00:16:21,189 --> 00:16:19,680
just mind-blowing

413
00:16:24,629 --> 00:16:21,199
while explaining that color would have

414
00:16:27,350 --> 00:16:24,639
reduced the total quantity possible

415
00:16:30,550 --> 00:16:27,360
orco presented the ted talks in october

416
00:16:33,350 --> 00:16:30,560
2007 the ted conferences invite speakers

417
00:16:35,350 --> 00:16:33,360
to discuss ideas worth spreading and

418
00:16:37,670 --> 00:16:35,360
their videos have been available online

419
00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:37,680
since june 2006

420
00:16:41,430 --> 00:16:39,120
her visibility on the web is the

421
00:16:44,069 --> 00:16:41,440
development of the digital age and that

422
00:16:50,870 --> 00:16:44,079
still continues to draw visitors and new

423
00:16:54,389 --> 00:16:52,710
while cassini made its own new

424
00:16:56,470 --> 00:16:54,399
scientific discoveries voyager

425
00:16:58,389 --> 00:16:56,480
technically claimed the new status more

426
00:17:00,150 --> 00:16:58,399
than a mission returning for further

427
00:17:02,310 --> 00:17:00,160
observation

428
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:02,320
cassini images have also been labeled as

429
00:17:07,029 --> 00:17:05,360
art in some online communities and blogs

430
00:17:09,590 --> 00:17:07,039
in comparison to the hubble space

431
00:17:13,189 --> 00:17:09,600
telescope's popular brightly colored

432
00:17:15,110 --> 00:17:13,199
images cassini images also often hold a

433
00:17:19,189 --> 00:17:15,120
stark quality in black and white that

434
00:17:21,029 --> 00:17:19,199
emphasizes the contrast in space

435
00:17:23,189 --> 00:17:21,039
the voyager mission illustrated how the

436
00:17:24,870 --> 00:17:23,199
mass media traditionally advanced

437
00:17:26,150 --> 00:17:24,880
scientific discoveries into the public

438
00:17:27,909 --> 00:17:26,160
understanding

439
00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:27,919
the information from the press releases

440
00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:29,520
and briefings presented technical

441
00:17:33,590 --> 00:17:31,600
science that the journalists expanded

442
00:17:35,190 --> 00:17:33,600
upon to make the stories interesting for

443
00:17:36,549 --> 00:17:35,200
the public

444
00:17:38,549 --> 00:17:36,559
in the process the mass media

445
00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:38,559
necessarily popularized and simplified

446
00:17:41,830 --> 00:17:40,480
the science through real-world analogies

447
00:17:43,590 --> 00:17:41,840
or references

448
00:17:45,110 --> 00:17:43,600
the journalists also added the human

449
00:17:46,549 --> 00:17:45,120
element through emotional cues and

450
00:17:48,390 --> 00:17:46,559
quotes

451
00:17:50,150 --> 00:17:48,400
although journalists often attributed

452
00:17:52,789 --> 00:17:50,160
surprise and wonder to the scientists

453
00:17:54,950 --> 00:17:52,799
they also made statistical statistical

454
00:17:56,950 --> 00:17:54,960
or philosophic

455
00:17:59,750 --> 00:17:56,960
philosophical appeals for their

456
00:18:02,150 --> 00:17:59,760
audiences to feel wonder as well

457
00:18:03,669 --> 00:18:02,160
a small robotic spacecraft hurtling

458
00:18:05,350 --> 00:18:03,679
millions of miles

459
00:18:08,070 --> 00:18:05,360
learning something scientists had not

460
00:18:10,789 --> 00:18:08,080
known before or even simple curiosity as

461
00:18:12,870 --> 00:18:10,799
a driving human characteristic

462
00:18:15,270 --> 00:18:12,880
in addition the images became both the

463
00:18:17,270 --> 00:18:15,280
source and evidence for wonder viewers

464
00:18:20,630 --> 00:18:17,280
might feel awe over the planetary

465
00:18:22,870 --> 00:18:20,640
snapshots and they might also be amazed

466
00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:22,880
at the technological prowess necessary

467
00:18:26,789 --> 00:18:24,720
in obtaining the picture through robotic

468
00:18:29,270 --> 00:18:26,799
eyes

469
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,280
during galileo readers got continually

470
00:18:34,150 --> 00:18:31,360
reminded about the many disasters and

471
00:18:35,830 --> 00:18:34,160
news coverage upon reaching its desk and

472
00:18:38,549 --> 00:18:35,840
the news coverage upon reaching its

473
00:18:40,950 --> 00:18:38,559
destination seems to have had less

474
00:18:42,549 --> 00:18:40,960
impact without new images alongside the

475
00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:42,559
text

476
00:18:46,950 --> 00:18:44,960
the galileo mission coverage also seems

477
00:18:48,710 --> 00:18:46,960
to follow the predictable patterns

478
00:18:51,029 --> 00:18:48,720
driven from press release to news

479
00:18:52,870 --> 00:18:51,039
article during this time period

480
00:18:54,470 --> 00:18:52,880
now a different aspect of the galileo

481
00:18:56,789 --> 00:18:54,480
mission may have

482
00:18:58,390 --> 00:18:56,799
drastically different results but if

483
00:19:00,789 --> 00:18:58,400
you've noticed i'm

484
00:19:02,630 --> 00:19:00,799
pinpointing the moment of when the

485
00:19:06,150 --> 00:19:02,640
primary mission begins often when the

486
00:19:07,990 --> 00:19:06,160
planetary encounter begins

487
00:19:10,390 --> 00:19:08,000
cassini becomes remarkable for breaking

488
00:19:12,150 --> 00:19:10,400
these patterns using web publishing

489
00:19:13,510 --> 00:19:12,160
more information about new scientific

490
00:19:15,110 --> 00:19:13,520
discoveries appear on the mission

491
00:19:17,830 --> 00:19:15,120
website than gets followed by the

492
00:19:19,830 --> 00:19:17,840
national print and television media

493
00:19:21,990 --> 00:19:19,840
information sources proliferate over the

494
00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:22,000
web from traditional journalism to space

495
00:19:31,590 --> 00:19:29,430
what does this digital transition mean

496
00:19:34,150 --> 00:19:31,600
some digital evangelists have promoted

497
00:19:35,990 --> 00:19:34,160
democratization through new media while

498
00:19:38,390 --> 00:19:36,000
others have expressed concerns about the

499
00:19:40,230 --> 00:19:38,400
web that have contracted in different

500
00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:40,240
ways

501
00:19:44,630 --> 00:19:42,400
the internet allows users to choose what

502
00:19:46,870 --> 00:19:44,640
to view where to view it and whether to

503
00:19:48,549 --> 00:19:46,880
participate for nearly an infinite

504
00:19:50,789 --> 00:19:48,559
number of interests

505
00:19:52,710 --> 00:19:50,799
for the publication side writers or

506
00:19:54,950 --> 00:19:52,720
creators might find greater audiences

507
00:19:57,110 --> 00:19:54,960
online through blogs and sharing sites

508
00:19:58,630 --> 00:19:57,120
than traditional media

509
00:20:00,549 --> 00:19:58,640
the internet however becomes an

510
00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:00,559
overwhelming

511
00:20:04,870 --> 00:20:02,960
in quantity and abundance

512
00:20:07,190 --> 00:20:04,880
visitors develop filters or act more

513
00:20:09,990 --> 00:20:07,200
selectively to manage the information

514
00:20:12,390 --> 00:20:10,000
deluge which also results

515
00:20:14,390 --> 00:20:12,400
narrows

516
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:14,400
what they access based on their active

517
00:20:18,070 --> 00:20:16,000
interests

518
00:20:19,830 --> 00:20:18,080
in other words interested audiences may

519
00:20:21,830 --> 00:20:19,840
seek information only about their

520
00:20:23,510 --> 00:20:21,840
particular interests and not the wider

521
00:20:25,669 --> 00:20:23,520
world web

522
00:20:27,669 --> 00:20:25,679
it becomes significantly harder to gauge

523
00:20:29,669 --> 00:20:27,679
public enthusiasm for planetary

524
00:20:31,830 --> 00:20:29,679
exploration

525
00:20:33,669 --> 00:20:31,840
when a handful of published editorials

526
00:20:35,029 --> 00:20:33,679
used to stimulate and indicate

527
00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:35,039
conversation about a relevant

528
00:20:38,390 --> 00:20:36,720
contemporary topic

529
00:20:40,630 --> 00:20:38,400
and now the entire internet has

530
00:20:42,310 --> 00:20:40,640
thousands upon thousands of opinions and

531
00:20:44,789 --> 00:20:42,320
topics

532
00:20:46,630 --> 00:20:44,799
despite these issues the web remains

533
00:20:49,669 --> 00:20:46,640
essential as a direct method to

534
00:20:51,830 --> 00:20:49,679
disseminate information and science news

535
00:20:54,149 --> 00:20:51,840
remains strong on the web although its

536
00:20:56,710 --> 00:20:54,159
sources for the public have deviated

537
00:21:11,029 --> 00:20:56,720
greatly from the comfortable definition

538
00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:12,950
we have questions

539
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:16,080
for this perfectly timed talk

540
00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:24,710
but you mentioned

541
00:21:27,590 --> 00:21:26,320
digital publication and the use of

542
00:21:30,549 --> 00:21:27,600
websites so

543
00:21:33,350 --> 00:21:30,559
from my insight is inside jpl's media

544
00:21:36,070 --> 00:21:33,360
relations and so forth is that there's

545
00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:36,080
there's now perceived attention between

546
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:38,640
traditional media and our use of web

547
00:21:43,990 --> 00:21:41,520
publication is the same time is that we

548
00:21:45,669 --> 00:21:44,000
nasa jpl want to market itself ourselves

549
00:21:46,950 --> 00:21:45,679
to traditional media at the same time

550
00:21:48,870 --> 00:21:46,960
we're also trying to sell ourselves

551
00:21:49,669 --> 00:21:48,880
directly to the public

552
00:21:52,070 --> 00:21:49,679
and

553
00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:52,080
sometimes from the outside perspective

554
00:22:02,789 --> 00:21:53,679
perspective those two things are seem to

555
00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:04,549
then you don't need to answer it

556
00:22:08,630 --> 00:22:07,120
jeff hi jeff thousand space review uh

557
00:22:10,789 --> 00:22:08,640
it's very interesting presentation i

558
00:22:12,549 --> 00:22:10,799
wanted to expand upon or maybe maybe

559
00:22:14,549 --> 00:22:12,559
even challenge a little bit one of your

560
00:22:15,909 --> 00:22:14,559
premises towards the very end about

561
00:22:17,430 --> 00:22:15,919
gauging public interest and the

562
00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:17,440
challenge of trying to gauge public

563
00:22:21,190 --> 00:22:19,120
interest now in this fractured media

564
00:22:23,029 --> 00:22:21,200
environment it seems in some respect it

565
00:22:24,710 --> 00:22:23,039
might actually be easier to track public

566
00:22:26,310 --> 00:22:24,720
interest because you now know how many

567
00:22:27,830 --> 00:22:26,320
people you know how many hits are on a

568
00:22:29,909 --> 00:22:27,840
website

569
00:22:31,430 --> 00:22:29,919
you know nasa can provide lots of

570
00:22:32,549 --> 00:22:31,440
information about how many millions of

571
00:22:35,029 --> 00:22:32,559
people viewed the web stream of the

572
00:22:36,789 --> 00:22:35,039
curiosity mars landing for example

573
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:36,799
whereas you don't know how many people

574
00:22:41,669 --> 00:22:38,480
read that editorial in the new york

575
00:22:42,870 --> 00:22:41,679
times or the washington post uh about

576
00:22:43,590 --> 00:22:42,880
promoting

577
00:22:48,789 --> 00:22:43,600
or

578
00:22:51,590 --> 00:22:48,799
point a little bit on on the challenges

579
00:22:52,830 --> 00:22:51,600
of of public perceptions and engaging

580
00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:52,840
that level of

581
00:22:57,590 --> 00:22:55,120
interest well i can answer that a little

582
00:23:00,549 --> 00:22:57,600
bit with the challenges of engaging new

583
00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:00,559
media in general when you say there are

584
00:23:05,110 --> 00:23:03,360
a lot of statistics on web hits i could

585
00:23:07,029 --> 00:23:05,120
argue the same thing about nice papers

586
00:23:09,750 --> 00:23:07,039
and circulation numbers and subscription

587
00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:09,760
numbers we may have these numbers but

588
00:23:15,909 --> 00:23:12,000
they don't necessarily mean anything

589
00:23:18,549 --> 00:23:15,919
unless you have a good way to

590
00:23:21,590 --> 00:23:18,559
refine them down just because

591
00:23:24,710 --> 00:23:21,600
the mars pathfinder website gained

592
00:23:26,789 --> 00:23:24,720
400 million hits across the period of a

593
00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:26,799
month well what do we measure that

594
00:23:31,990 --> 00:23:30,960
against and hits tends to be sort of a

595
00:23:33,909 --> 00:23:32,000
fuzzy

596
00:23:36,390 --> 00:23:33,919
measuring tool

597
00:23:39,510 --> 00:23:36,400
we now know that hits can mean

598
00:23:42,070 --> 00:23:39,520
every time a person came to a website

599
00:23:44,789 --> 00:23:42,080
other people will instead say unique

600
00:23:48,789 --> 00:23:44,799
visitors as an indication of how many

601
00:23:50,549 --> 00:23:48,799
individual people came to the website

602
00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:50,559
we also don't

603
00:23:55,029 --> 00:23:52,240
necessarily

604
00:23:56,070 --> 00:23:55,039
have that kind of information available

605
00:23:57,909 --> 00:23:56,080
so

606
00:23:59,350 --> 00:23:57,919
in a way when i say

607
00:24:01,830 --> 00:23:59,360
it's difficult to

608
00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:01,840
take these numbers how do you aggregate

609
00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:03,600
these numbers how do you take the

610
00:24:08,789 --> 00:24:06,320
numbers from cnn from space daily from

611
00:24:10,789 --> 00:24:08,799
your website and how do you know how

612
00:24:12,870 --> 00:24:10,799
many of these people are the same people

613
00:24:14,789 --> 00:24:12,880
how many of them are different people

614
00:24:16,789 --> 00:24:14,799
and like some of the other presentations

615
00:24:19,750 --> 00:24:16,799
we've heard this session

616
00:24:22,070 --> 00:24:19,760
if there is so much interest how has it

617
00:24:23,669 --> 00:24:22,080
not translated to some sort of public

618
00:24:27,190 --> 00:24:23,679
policy boost

619
00:24:29,909 --> 00:24:27,200
for planetary exploration

620
00:24:31,430 --> 00:24:29,919
good good points all thanks

621
00:24:34,149 --> 00:24:31,440
yeah i wanted to

622
00:24:36,149 --> 00:24:34,159
john what more i wanted to touch on a

623
00:24:38,549 --> 00:24:36,159
related angle and that is

624
00:24:40,549 --> 00:24:38,559
uh you know when 100 million people look

625
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:40,559
at something on the web those are people

626
00:24:45,350 --> 00:24:42,720
that were interested in the subject and

627
00:24:47,269 --> 00:24:45,360
actively looking for it but what about

628
00:24:48,149 --> 00:24:47,279
the 200 million people

629
00:24:50,390 --> 00:24:48,159
that

630
00:24:52,230 --> 00:24:50,400
won't see it at all because

631
00:24:53,430 --> 00:24:52,240
they don't see it in the newspaper where

632
00:24:55,430 --> 00:24:53,440
you used to

633
00:24:57,990 --> 00:24:55,440
accidentally run into it and they didn't

634
00:24:59,669 --> 00:24:58,000
actively seek it on the web and so how

635
00:25:01,990 --> 00:24:59,679
do you get

636
00:25:03,269 --> 00:25:02,000
so you you may be getting a better way

637
00:25:05,430 --> 00:25:03,279
to reach the people that are already

638
00:25:07,830 --> 00:25:05,440
interested in space but completely

639
00:25:09,830 --> 00:25:07,840
missing the general public that doesn't

640
00:25:11,669 --> 00:25:09,840
have that interest already uh

641
00:25:12,870 --> 00:25:11,679
any thoughts on that

642
00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:12,880
well that was pretty much the point i

643
00:25:17,510 --> 00:25:14,400
was trying to make at the very end of my

644
00:25:20,710 --> 00:25:17,520
conclusion just because there are direct

645
00:25:22,310 --> 00:25:20,720
methods for jpl and missions to reach

646
00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:22,320
the public whether it's through

647
00:25:26,549 --> 00:25:24,480
newsletters or websites or educational

648
00:25:29,029 --> 00:25:26,559
material

649
00:25:30,789 --> 00:25:29,039
how do you count those people and how do

650
00:25:33,350 --> 00:25:30,799
you know if those people are the same

651
00:25:35,830 --> 00:25:33,360
ones that will devour space daily every

652
00:25:37,350 --> 00:25:35,840
day anyway or

653
00:25:38,870 --> 00:25:37,360
is it actually

654
00:25:41,029 --> 00:25:38,880
a child that

655
00:25:44,149 --> 00:25:41,039
has never known anything about space and

656
00:25:46,870 --> 00:25:44,159
is now really starting to get interested

657
00:25:49,750 --> 00:25:46,880
with the web it's very difficult to know

658
00:25:51,510 --> 00:25:49,760
who it is that's coming to your website

659
00:25:54,230 --> 00:25:51,520
i mean the web can

660
00:25:55,669 --> 00:25:54,240
get some statistics off your cookies or

661
00:25:58,310 --> 00:25:55,679
whatever but

662
00:26:00,470 --> 00:25:58,320
generally they know what computer you're

663
00:26:02,470 --> 00:26:00,480
using and where you're coming from in

664
00:26:04,789 --> 00:26:02,480
the united states or other countries

665
00:26:06,310 --> 00:26:04,799
maybe but they don't actually know very

666
00:26:07,909 --> 00:26:06,320
much about you

667
00:26:10,870 --> 00:26:07,919
whether you're male or female whether

668
00:26:12,549 --> 00:26:10,880
you're in the space industry or you're

669
00:26:14,070 --> 00:26:12,559
just a random member of the general

670
00:26:15,110 --> 00:26:14,080
public

671
00:26:17,430 --> 00:26:15,120
so

672
00:26:19,510 --> 00:26:17,440
that is the difficulty with determining

673
00:26:22,070 --> 00:26:19,520
audience anymore how do you reach the

674
00:26:23,269 --> 00:26:22,080
people that you know hasn't seen this

675
00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:23,279
before

676
00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:25,440
versus the audience that you know is

677
00:26:29,029 --> 00:26:26,880
definitely interested because they're

678
00:26:30,710 --> 00:26:29,039
subscribing to your newsletters now and

679
00:26:33,669 --> 00:26:30,720
they're coming to your websites during

680
00:26:37,750 --> 00:26:36,070
i'm going to ask you guys to stay keep

681
00:26:39,350 --> 00:26:37,760
standing because we're going to have a

682
00:26:40,630 --> 00:26:39,360
panel discussion now but stay with there

683
00:26:42,870 --> 00:26:40,640
you'll get a chance and also i know

684
00:26:44,870 --> 00:26:42,880
lindley had a question about asteroids

685
00:26:47,669 --> 00:26:44,880
so i want to invite my panelists to come

686
00:26:50,470 --> 00:26:47,679
up and to have a seat

687
00:26:52,549 --> 00:26:50,480
don't i do want to bring another voice

688
00:26:55,430 --> 00:26:52,559
to this discussion though because we've

689
00:26:57,510 --> 00:26:55,440
been talking about public perceptions

690
00:27:00,710 --> 00:26:57,520
and we have been talking about our

691
00:27:03,269 --> 00:27:00,720
perceptions of the public but the public

692
00:27:05,510 --> 00:27:03,279
isn't really here we're all people who

693
00:27:08,710 --> 00:27:05,520
are involved somehow and i wanted to

694
00:27:12,230 --> 00:27:08,720
share with you an actual statement from

695
00:27:14,310 --> 00:27:12,240
somebody from the public which is short

696
00:27:15,909 --> 00:27:14,320
it was written after the curiosity

697
00:27:18,630 --> 00:27:15,919
landing and it was sent to president

698
00:27:20,389 --> 00:27:18,640
obama who sent it to jim green

699
00:27:22,470 --> 00:27:20,399
who then shared it with me and i

700
00:27:24,630 --> 00:27:22,480
contacted this young person and said can

701
00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:24,640
i share with this group because we're

702
00:27:28,149 --> 00:27:25,600
going to be talking about public

703
00:27:30,549 --> 00:27:28,159
perceptions of nasa so i want to read

704
00:27:33,190 --> 00:27:30,559
this to you so that you hear

705
00:27:36,070 --> 00:27:33,200
the current public's voice this is not

706
00:27:37,990 --> 00:27:36,080
ancient history or like us

707
00:27:39,669 --> 00:27:38,000
but this is current all right this is a

708
00:27:40,630 --> 00:27:39,679
young man

709
00:27:43,110 --> 00:27:40,640
and

710
00:27:45,430 --> 00:27:43,120
he says dear president obama

711
00:27:47,830 --> 00:27:45,440
i just wanted to let you know how much

712
00:27:49,350 --> 00:27:47,840
curiosity successful landing on mars

713
00:27:51,990 --> 00:27:49,360
means to me

714
00:27:54,789 --> 00:27:52,000
the fact that any organization in the

715
00:27:57,590 --> 00:27:54,799
world could send a one-ton mobile

716
00:28:00,789 --> 00:27:57,600
research platform to mars and land it

717
00:28:02,710 --> 00:28:00,799
safely much less using a hovering rocket

718
00:28:05,830 --> 00:28:02,720
propelled sky crane

719
00:28:08,470 --> 00:28:05,840
is a triumph of human intelligence

720
00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:08,480
civilization and cooperation

721
00:28:12,389 --> 00:28:10,720
the fact that it was our national

722
00:28:14,230 --> 00:28:12,399
aeronautics and space administration

723
00:28:16,710 --> 00:28:14,240
makes me more proud to be an american

724
00:28:18,710 --> 00:28:16,720
than anything has in a long time

725
00:28:21,269 --> 00:28:18,720
what truly inspires me about this

726
00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:21,279
mission however is not the flawless

727
00:28:25,669 --> 00:28:23,520
success the nasa scientists and

728
00:28:28,230 --> 00:28:25,679
engineers achieved last night

729
00:28:30,070 --> 00:28:28,240
or the staggering technological advances

730
00:28:31,830 --> 00:28:30,080
that have been fueled by similar

731
00:28:32,870 --> 00:28:31,840
exploration

732
00:28:36,470 --> 00:28:32,880
rather

733
00:28:39,110 --> 00:28:36,480
it is the unbridled joy and the unity i

734
00:28:41,750 --> 00:28:39,120
have seen on the faces of the crying

735
00:28:44,389 --> 00:28:41,760
hugging members of mission control in

736
00:28:46,870 --> 00:28:44,399
countless celebratory internet posts and

737
00:28:47,909 --> 00:28:46,880
an excited conversation with people this

738
00:28:51,750 --> 00:28:47,919
morning

739
00:28:53,669 --> 00:28:51,760
i am 20 years old and the only times i

740
00:28:56,070 --> 00:28:53,679
can remember feeling as close to my

741
00:28:59,110 --> 00:28:56,080
fellow americans as i do now have been

742
00:29:01,830 --> 00:28:59,120
during national tragedies

743
00:29:04,230 --> 00:29:01,840
the unifying effect of scientific

744
00:29:07,430 --> 00:29:04,240
expeditions like the curiosity and the

745
00:29:09,750 --> 00:29:07,440
apollo landings is incredibly powerful

746
00:29:12,470 --> 00:29:09,760
all the more so because it is born out

747
00:29:13,990 --> 00:29:12,480
of triumphant national success rather

748
00:29:16,950 --> 00:29:14,000
than sorrow

749
00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:16,960
please continue to fund nasa and its

750
00:29:21,110 --> 00:29:18,320
expeditions

751
00:29:23,669 --> 00:29:21,120
in so many ways we lift ourselves up

752
00:29:27,110 --> 00:29:23,679
when we shoot for the stars sincerely

753
00:29:29,350 --> 00:29:27,120
isaac larkin

754
00:29:32,549 --> 00:29:29,360
beyond the nationalism in the statement

755
00:29:35,190 --> 00:29:32,559
which is laudable i think it touches on

756
00:29:37,750 --> 00:29:35,200
the unif unifying themes that this

757
00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:37,760
brings to all of humanity

758
00:29:42,230 --> 00:29:40,240
like apollo did that wasn't just the u.s

759
00:29:44,149 --> 00:29:42,240
although it was but people around the

760
00:29:45,830 --> 00:29:44,159
world were looking at the moon and

761
00:29:48,070 --> 00:29:45,840
knowing that humans were walking on the

762
00:29:50,310 --> 00:29:48,080
moon people around the world were

763
00:29:53,190 --> 00:29:50,320
looking at mars when we were landing on

764
00:29:55,510 --> 00:29:53,200
mars and i think that that that is an

765
00:29:57,590 --> 00:29:55,520
aspect that we need to keep in mind

766
00:29:59,190 --> 00:29:57,600
that's what touches people

767
00:30:01,350 --> 00:29:59,200
we're talking about people here and if

768
00:30:02,710 --> 00:30:01,360
you noticed on her word clouds

769
00:30:04,630 --> 00:30:02,720
scientists

770
00:30:05,990 --> 00:30:04,640
appeared a lot and i think it's because

771
00:30:08,389 --> 00:30:06,000
it's people

772
00:30:10,070 --> 00:30:08,399
so you know we're at a we're at a

773
00:30:12,870 --> 00:30:10,080
turning point here

774
00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:12,880
um for planetary exploration

775
00:30:16,710 --> 00:30:14,640
um we've been at turning points in the

776
00:30:19,990 --> 00:30:16,720
past as we heard from john logsdon and

777
00:30:24,149 --> 00:30:20,000
others uh nevertheless we are at a

778
00:30:26,870 --> 00:30:24,159
turning point right now and we we know

779
00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:26,880
from letters like this that the public

780
00:30:32,630 --> 00:30:28,960
the public perceives planetary

781
00:30:34,710 --> 00:30:32,640
exploration as a priority for nasa it's

782
00:30:37,190 --> 00:30:34,720
question in my mind whether nasa

783
00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:37,200
perceives planetary exploration as a

784
00:30:40,950 --> 00:30:39,440
priority for nasa

785
00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:40,960
we have a choice whether or not we can

786
00:30:45,990 --> 00:30:43,840
have another 50 fabulous years

787
00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:46,000
doing amazing planetary exploration or

788
00:30:50,470 --> 00:30:48,080
whether we will retreat to being monkeys

789
00:30:51,909 --> 00:30:50,480
in a dark box

790
00:30:56,470 --> 00:30:51,919
and with that we're going to open this

791
00:31:01,430 --> 00:30:58,070
hello i'm actually going to slide this

792
00:31:03,430 --> 00:31:01,440
because i can't see any of you hi

793
00:31:05,750 --> 00:31:03,440
um this is just more of a follow-up to

794
00:31:07,029 --> 00:31:05,760
the social media and i just wanted to

795
00:31:09,029 --> 00:31:07,039
follow up on the person who asked the

796
00:31:11,590 --> 00:31:09,039
question about uh

797
00:31:12,710 --> 00:31:11,600
tracking in um in a digital age so i

798
00:31:13,909 --> 00:31:12,720
work in digital media national

799
00:31:17,669 --> 00:31:13,919
geographic

800
00:31:19,990 --> 00:31:17,679
and i i would argue that it's incredibly

801
00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:20,000
it's so much easier to track impact now

802
00:31:23,029 --> 00:31:21,200
and meaning

803
00:31:24,789 --> 00:31:23,039
than it was back when you just had a

804
00:31:26,389 --> 00:31:24,799
one-way communication you don't know the

805
00:31:27,909 --> 00:31:26,399
impact i think it's it's very difficult

806
00:31:30,549 --> 00:31:27,919
to track the impact of journalism

807
00:31:31,909 --> 00:31:30,559
generally on the public um just last

808
00:31:34,310 --> 00:31:31,919
night we had bill nye the science guy

809
00:31:36,310 --> 00:31:34,320
hosting an event at national geographic

810
00:31:38,630 --> 00:31:36,320
and uh for all intents and purposes you

811
00:31:40,470 --> 00:31:38,640
would think he's like not relevant to

812
00:31:41,990 --> 00:31:40,480
more recent generations but how many

813
00:31:43,430 --> 00:31:42,000
people stood up in the audience and said

814
00:31:45,029 --> 00:31:43,440
you changed my life you're the reason

815
00:31:46,950 --> 00:31:45,039
i'm in science you're the reason i'm an

816
00:31:48,710 --> 00:31:46,960
engineer right now you're the reason i'm

817
00:31:50,389 --> 00:31:48,720
you know studying what i'm studying or

818
00:31:52,630 --> 00:31:50,399
just tonight you've changed my mind to

819
00:31:54,710 --> 00:31:52,640
go study something else and and you know

820
00:31:56,470 --> 00:31:54,720
public figures like him and journalism

821
00:31:58,549 --> 00:31:56,480
will never know how many people those

822
00:32:00,710 --> 00:31:58,559
stories inspired i remember voyager

823
00:32:01,990 --> 00:32:00,720
being covered in ever like it might not

824
00:32:03,909 --> 00:32:02,000
have been one story i read but the

825
00:32:04,870 --> 00:32:03,919
collective impact of voyager had an

826
00:32:06,389 --> 00:32:04,880
impact

827
00:32:08,070 --> 00:32:06,399
and that's very hard to measure but in

828
00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:08,080
social we can actually measure that

829
00:32:11,350 --> 00:32:09,760
engagement now we know how many people

830
00:32:12,870 --> 00:32:11,360
are talking about it who are commenting

831
00:32:15,190 --> 00:32:12,880
on it who are sharing it we know the

832
00:32:16,950 --> 00:32:15,200
extended impact of that we can track

833
00:32:19,590 --> 00:32:16,960
with social flow the whole like we have

834
00:32:21,590 --> 00:32:19,600
this unbelievable almost too much

835
00:32:23,509 --> 00:32:21,600
information about how much engagement

836
00:32:25,590 --> 00:32:23,519
and sharing is happening so i just can't

837
00:32:27,269 --> 00:32:25,600
i would bring that in and and factor it

838
00:32:28,630 --> 00:32:27,279
in more as a commentary because i do

839
00:32:30,389 --> 00:32:28,640
think the tools are out there we do know

840
00:32:31,990 --> 00:32:30,399
demographics we do know exactly where

841
00:32:33,029 --> 00:32:32,000
everybody lives so that's great thank

842
00:32:34,789 --> 00:32:33,039
you

843
00:32:36,630 --> 00:32:34,799
i will comment a little bit about that

844
00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:36,640
and that's the

845
00:32:41,029 --> 00:32:38,640
fact that i am kind of looking

846
00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:41,039
retroactively at historical events

847
00:32:45,750 --> 00:32:44,240
despite the fact that 2004 was not that

848
00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:45,760
far back into history

849
00:32:50,789 --> 00:32:48,000
so right now yeah i can look at google

850
00:32:52,230 --> 00:32:50,799
trends and other tools that tell me lots

851
00:32:54,870 --> 00:32:52,240
of things about what people are

852
00:32:57,909 --> 00:32:54,880
searching for and that's great

853
00:32:59,430 --> 00:32:57,919
but i can't go back to even 2004 and

854
00:33:01,430 --> 00:32:59,440
necessarily pull up the same kind of

855
00:33:03,990 --> 00:33:01,440
data and that's what i mean by it's

856
00:33:05,990 --> 00:33:04,000
really difficult to determine audience

857
00:33:07,669 --> 00:33:06,000
and as a historian

858
00:33:10,070 --> 00:33:07,679
i will probably always have this

859
00:33:12,630 --> 00:33:10,080
question unless i kind of look forward

860
00:33:14,630 --> 00:33:12,640
in the future and start storing away

861
00:33:15,430 --> 00:33:14,640
this stuff

862
00:33:17,350 --> 00:33:15,440
so

863
00:33:20,070 --> 00:33:17,360
it's just a clarification of what i mean

864
00:33:23,029 --> 00:33:20,080
by the difficulty in it okay

865
00:33:25,350 --> 00:33:23,039
i wanted to offer a tangible example of

866
00:33:27,830 --> 00:33:25,360
something that susan poulton just said

867
00:33:29,990 --> 00:33:27,840
from the national geographic uh from my

868
00:33:32,470 --> 00:33:30,000
own recent experience of uh

869
00:33:34,549 --> 00:33:32,480
understanding the impact of social media

870
00:33:35,750 --> 00:33:34,559
the week after curiosity landed i just

871
00:33:37,350 --> 00:33:35,760
happened to be here in town having

872
00:33:39,509 --> 00:33:37,360
dinner with susan and we were talking

873
00:33:41,590 --> 00:33:39,519
about the uh about the events over at

874
00:33:44,230 --> 00:33:41,600
nat geo which we had last night susan is

875
00:33:47,029 --> 00:33:44,240
the vice president for the digital media

876
00:33:49,430 --> 00:33:47,039
division of uh national geographic so

877
00:33:51,830 --> 00:33:49,440
she knows a lot about this stuff and

878
00:33:53,909 --> 00:33:51,840
over the course of dinner uh she said

879
00:33:55,990 --> 00:33:53,919
hey by the way have you seen this latest

880
00:33:57,750 --> 00:33:56,000
youtube thing that just came out today

881
00:34:00,549 --> 00:33:57,760
and she pulls out her iphone

882
00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:00,559
and she fires it up and it's where nasa

883
00:34:04,630 --> 00:34:02,000
and we know it

884
00:34:06,870 --> 00:34:04,640
it had 382 hits and i suspect most of

885
00:34:09,589 --> 00:34:06,880
you have seen it by this time the next

886
00:34:11,510 --> 00:34:09,599
morning i wake up in my hotel room and i

887
00:34:12,869 --> 00:34:11,520
said geez i got to go get that link and

888
00:34:14,629 --> 00:34:12,879
see what that and see that again you

889
00:34:17,030 --> 00:34:14,639
know now that i'm awake and sober and

890
00:34:19,030 --> 00:34:17,040
such and by that time it was already up

891
00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:19,040
to 300 000

892
00:34:22,790 --> 00:34:20,320
and i don't know what it is at this

893
00:34:24,950 --> 00:34:22,800
point but i mean things like that that

894
00:34:26,869 --> 00:34:24,960
we do that are so exciting that can

895
00:34:30,310 --> 00:34:26,879
capture people's imagination can go

896
00:34:32,149 --> 00:34:30,320
viral and as susan had told me

897
00:34:33,430 --> 00:34:32,159
the key to making this happen is just

898
00:34:35,349 --> 00:34:33,440
get the stuff out there get the

899
00:34:37,349 --> 00:34:35,359
information out there let people

900
00:34:39,030 --> 00:34:37,359
let the people out there in the country

901
00:34:41,109 --> 00:34:39,040
take it and run with it that's great

902
00:34:44,310 --> 00:34:41,119
thank you very powerful yeah

903
00:34:47,669 --> 00:34:45,750
hi janet for testing princeton

904
00:34:50,230 --> 00:34:47,679
university um that's great you

905
00:34:51,909 --> 00:34:50,240
discovered nasa and we know it uh that

906
00:34:53,750 --> 00:34:51,919
link has been out there for a good six

907
00:34:55,510 --> 00:34:53,760
months so so it may be that you're

908
00:34:57,030 --> 00:34:55,520
seeing different versions as someone who

909
00:34:59,109 --> 00:34:57,040
works in human computer interaction and

910
00:35:00,710 --> 00:34:59,119
publishes in that domain i'd also like

911
00:35:02,630 --> 00:35:00,720
to make it clear that there's different

912
00:35:03,750 --> 00:35:02,640
versions of tweeting and retweeting we

913
00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:03,760
all know the difference between

914
00:35:07,750 --> 00:35:05,680
different kinds of friends and it's that

915
00:35:09,109 --> 00:35:07,760
qualitative assessment of what it is

916
00:35:10,870 --> 00:35:09,119
people are doing with digital material

917
00:35:11,829 --> 00:35:10,880
that i think is also i'm really glad you

918
00:35:13,510 --> 00:35:11,839
pointed that out because i think that's

919
00:35:15,430 --> 00:35:13,520
very tricky to get at despite the

920
00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:15,440
numbers of counts one can get it's very

921
00:35:18,950 --> 00:35:17,280
different the qualitative experience but

922
00:35:20,870 --> 00:35:18,960
that leads into my question which has to

923
00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:20,880
do with the construction of various

924
00:35:25,910 --> 00:35:23,200
publics and there's something about the

925
00:35:27,430 --> 00:35:25,920
use of the monolithic term public again

926
00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:27,440
that is a facing the fact that these

927
00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:29,680
media and these personages whether

928
00:35:31,829 --> 00:35:30,400
they're

929
00:35:34,069 --> 00:35:31,839
uh whether you're making a film or

930
00:35:36,230 --> 00:35:34,079
whether you're a um

931
00:35:38,630 --> 00:35:36,240
or whether you're a reporter that you're

932
00:35:40,069 --> 00:35:38,640
not just seamlessly reporting or

933
00:35:41,990 --> 00:35:40,079
seamlessly producing something but

934
00:35:44,310 --> 00:35:42,000
you're also producing a particular

935
00:35:46,230 --> 00:35:44,320
public and a particular audience and i'd

936
00:35:48,470 --> 00:35:46,240
really like to know a little more about

937
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:48,480
the fine distinctions between you know

938
00:35:50,710 --> 00:35:49,839
if you're writing for the new york times

939
00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:50,720
it's very different than if you're

940
00:35:54,630 --> 00:35:53,440
writing for uh science science daily

941
00:35:55,910 --> 00:35:54,640
it's very different than the big spreads

942
00:35:58,230 --> 00:35:55,920
on voyage that i remember seeing a

943
00:35:59,750 --> 00:35:58,240
national geographic when i was a child

944
00:36:00,950 --> 00:35:59,760
if you're producing you know documentary

945
00:36:03,030 --> 00:36:00,960
films it's very different than if you're

946
00:36:03,910 --> 00:36:03,040
producing deep impact et cetera so i

947
00:36:06,069 --> 00:36:03,920
really like to know a little bit more

948
00:36:07,349 --> 00:36:06,079
about the fine grain distinctions in

949
00:36:09,190 --> 00:36:07,359
publics

950
00:36:10,710 --> 00:36:09,200
that nasa is speaking to and the variety

951
00:36:12,790 --> 00:36:10,720
of different media that they're using to

952
00:36:14,630 --> 00:36:12,800
do that

953
00:36:17,030 --> 00:36:14,640
thank you for that because it's actually

954
00:36:19,190 --> 00:36:17,040
far more detail that i would go into in

955
00:36:20,550 --> 00:36:19,200
the paper but wouldn't be able to do in

956
00:36:22,950 --> 00:36:20,560
the presentation

957
00:36:24,630 --> 00:36:22,960
and i try to

958
00:36:26,950 --> 00:36:24,640
meet that challenge by trying to go

959
00:36:29,510 --> 00:36:26,960
across a variety of major national

960
00:36:31,030 --> 00:36:29,520
papers so today i think i talked about

961
00:36:32,790 --> 00:36:31,040
the washington post new york times in

962
00:36:34,950 --> 00:36:32,800
the la times

963
00:36:37,589 --> 00:36:34,960
i took a variety of more papers than

964
00:36:38,790 --> 00:36:37,599
that to try to get more of an aggregate

965
00:36:40,870 --> 00:36:38,800
sample

966
00:36:43,270 --> 00:36:40,880
with different kinds of audiences and i

967
00:36:44,950 --> 00:36:43,280
recognize that a newspaper reading

968
00:36:47,430 --> 00:36:44,960
audience is

969
00:36:49,349 --> 00:36:47,440
often a somewhat more educated audience

970
00:36:50,870 --> 00:36:49,359
who wants to pay attention to what's

971
00:36:51,670 --> 00:36:50,880
happening in the news

972
00:36:54,550 --> 00:36:51,680
so

973
00:36:57,589 --> 00:36:54,560
and of itself i've limited the public to

974
00:36:59,349 --> 00:36:57,599
that particular segment that is either

975
00:37:01,510 --> 00:36:59,359
reading the paper or watching the

976
00:37:03,910 --> 00:37:01,520
nightly news which is actually most of

977
00:37:05,750 --> 00:37:03,920
the hits that i get for even voyager

978
00:37:08,470 --> 00:37:05,760
coverage it's the evening news from the

979
00:37:11,910 --> 00:37:08,480
three major networks

980
00:37:16,150 --> 00:37:13,910
there's also things like the magazines

981
00:37:17,990 --> 00:37:16,160
you mentioned like national geographic i

982
00:37:19,349 --> 00:37:18,000
can look in newsweek which is definitely

983
00:37:21,349 --> 00:37:19,359
a different audience than national

984
00:37:23,349 --> 00:37:21,359
geographic

985
00:37:25,750 --> 00:37:23,359
i actually do tend to stay away from the

986
00:37:27,349 --> 00:37:25,760
more specialized publications like

987
00:37:30,069 --> 00:37:27,359
aviation week

988
00:37:32,550 --> 00:37:30,079
because i know that that audience is

989
00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:32,560
very self-selected in wanting to see

990
00:37:37,270 --> 00:37:34,000
that news

991
00:37:40,550 --> 00:37:37,280
so i've even looked at um

992
00:37:44,069 --> 00:37:40,560
kind of not so great newspapers like usa

993
00:37:46,230 --> 00:37:44,079
today to see if they do mention

994
00:37:49,109 --> 00:37:46,240
these missions at all because it's a

995
00:37:51,670 --> 00:37:49,119
great source that's a quick easy read

996
00:37:53,270 --> 00:37:51,680
and it's found in hotels all around the

997
00:37:54,950 --> 00:37:53,280
united states

998
00:37:57,109 --> 00:37:54,960
so

999
00:37:59,270 --> 00:37:57,119
i do kind of toss around the public in

1000
00:38:00,069 --> 00:37:59,280
my presentation a lot without making

1001
00:38:01,670 --> 00:38:00,079
this

1002
00:38:02,630 --> 00:38:01,680
specification

1003
00:38:08,550 --> 00:38:02,640
that

1004
00:38:11,510 --> 00:38:08,560
to keep up on national news and chooses

1005
00:38:13,030 --> 00:38:11,520
to keep themselves informed

1006
00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:13,040
to answer your question more generally i

1007
00:38:16,390 --> 00:38:14,720
think nasa is very aware of the

1008
00:38:19,030 --> 00:38:16,400
different audiences that are out there

1009
00:38:21,430 --> 00:38:19,040
and they do track things like usa today

1010
00:38:23,190 --> 00:38:21,440
public news and the new york they were

1011
00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:23,200
working on the times square because they

1012
00:38:26,870 --> 00:38:24,560
know they're reaching a different

1013
00:38:29,349 --> 00:38:26,880
audience in times square than they would

1014
00:38:31,030 --> 00:38:29,359
in the new york times so they're very

1015
00:38:33,109 --> 00:38:31,040
aware of that and

1016
00:38:34,790 --> 00:38:33,119
that factors in let's keep going so we

1017
00:38:36,310 --> 00:38:34,800
get a few more questions in and i know

1018
00:38:38,390 --> 00:38:36,320
lindley you were very patient last time

1019
00:38:40,390 --> 00:38:38,400
so you know calling you now that's okay

1020
00:38:43,829 --> 00:38:40,400
thanks so lonely johnson your local

1021
00:38:45,510 --> 00:38:43,839
planetary asteroid defense officer

1022
00:38:47,829 --> 00:38:45,520
the question is going to be for laura

1023
00:38:49,829 --> 00:38:47,839
but i also appreciate the thoughts of

1024
00:38:51,910 --> 00:38:49,839
the rest of you uh lori

1025
00:38:53,750 --> 00:38:51,920
you pointed out that the public doesn't

1026
00:38:55,270 --> 00:38:53,760
seem to be worried about the about the

1027
00:38:58,069 --> 00:38:55,280
asteroid threat

1028
00:39:00,230 --> 00:38:58,079
and i like your thoughts and uh um

1029
00:39:03,430 --> 00:39:00,240
how much that perception might be

1030
00:39:05,829 --> 00:39:03,440
influenced uh by the storyline that you

1031
00:39:08,470 --> 00:39:05,839
you see in all these popular

1032
00:39:09,750 --> 00:39:08,480
movies and and and fiction stories that

1033
00:39:14,710 --> 00:39:09,760
uh

1034
00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:14,720
seems to think nasa has all this money

1035
00:39:19,430 --> 00:39:16,560
and we can do anything you know we can

1036
00:39:21,030 --> 00:39:19,440
land a 110 spacecraft on on on the

1037
00:39:23,750 --> 00:39:21,040
surface of mars

1038
00:39:26,069 --> 00:39:23,760
uh and the storyline always gets to a

1039
00:39:27,829 --> 00:39:26,079
happy ending you know that nasa might be

1040
00:39:29,270 --> 00:39:27,839
trials and tribulations but we always

1041
00:39:31,910 --> 00:39:29,280
save the day

1042
00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:31,920
and so how much do you think uh

1043
00:39:38,870 --> 00:39:33,760
public perception

1044
00:39:40,230 --> 00:39:38,880
uh always the happy ending to the to the

1045
00:39:42,310 --> 00:39:40,240
to the movie

1046
00:39:44,950 --> 00:39:42,320
well um it's it's a little bit more

1047
00:39:45,670 --> 00:39:44,960
complex than that in the sense that i i

1048
00:40:10,470 --> 00:39:45,680
i

1049
00:40:12,150 --> 00:40:10,480
there to save the day oh yes yeah oh yes

1050
00:40:13,829 --> 00:40:12,160
they may not know about many of the

1051
00:40:15,670 --> 00:40:13,839
nests of the things that nasa does

1052
00:40:17,670 --> 00:40:15,680
they're surprised every time you know

1053
00:40:19,990 --> 00:40:17,680
the general public that's not that

1054
00:40:21,589 --> 00:40:20,000
doesn't follow space all that well um

1055
00:40:23,349 --> 00:40:21,599
that kind of the segment on the public

1056
00:40:25,510 --> 00:40:23,359
but i think if they

1057
00:40:27,670 --> 00:40:25,520
knew that that threat was coming they

1058
00:40:30,630 --> 00:40:27,680
would think they would be pretty sure

1059
00:40:42,150 --> 00:40:30,640
they would bet that nasa would solve it

1060
00:40:46,230 --> 00:40:44,069
it's always an interesting bar a

1061
00:40:47,190 --> 00:40:46,240
conversation when i tell people what i

1062
00:40:50,069 --> 00:40:47,200
do and

1063
00:40:52,550 --> 00:40:50,079
and and they talk about uh you know well

1064
00:40:54,950 --> 00:40:52,560
nasa's you know obviously got the

1065
00:40:56,550 --> 00:40:54,960
wherewithal and the material to you know

1066
00:40:58,790 --> 00:40:56,560
to prevent this and

1067
00:41:00,309 --> 00:40:58,800
and uh uh it's always an interesting

1068
00:41:01,030 --> 00:41:00,319
perception from them when i tell them

1069
00:41:04,069 --> 00:41:01,040
that

1070
00:41:06,710 --> 00:41:04,079
no we really we really don't at best we

1071
00:41:08,309 --> 00:41:06,720
might be able to find them right now

1072
00:41:10,069 --> 00:41:08,319
i think though it's clear that um the

1073
00:41:12,230 --> 00:41:10,079
public perception is that nasa has a

1074
00:41:14,630 --> 00:41:12,240
whole lot of really smart people

1075
00:41:16,710 --> 00:41:14,640
and if they discover an asteroid coming

1076
00:41:18,630 --> 00:41:16,720
in that nasa would marshal its resources

1077
00:41:20,630 --> 00:41:18,640
and put all those real smart people on

1078
00:41:21,990 --> 00:41:20,640
on the subject and try to get something

1079
00:41:23,990 --> 00:41:22,000
done

1080
00:41:25,910 --> 00:41:24,000
and i talk about this a lot in public

1081
00:41:27,190 --> 00:41:25,920
lectures and um

1082
00:41:29,270 --> 00:41:27,200
you know even though one of your

1083
00:41:31,670 --> 00:41:29,280
conclusions was that education is not

1084
00:41:33,829 --> 00:41:31,680
the answer i think that was sort of what

1085
00:41:35,109 --> 00:41:33,839
you said i found that people honestly

1086
00:41:37,430 --> 00:41:35,119
don't know

1087
00:41:38,550 --> 00:41:37,440
about things like comet impacts asteroid

1088
00:41:40,150 --> 00:41:38,560
impacts

1089
00:41:41,829 --> 00:41:40,160
they get those little wake-up calls like

1090
00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:41,839
you said and then they kind of drift

1091
00:41:46,950 --> 00:41:44,560
back into complacency but i do want to

1092
00:41:49,030 --> 00:41:46,960
say that you know there were things that

1093
00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:49,040
were threats i want to make this analogy

1094
00:41:53,349 --> 00:41:51,200
and maybe have you comment on it um

1095
00:41:55,109 --> 00:41:53,359
people didn't used to wear seat belts

1096
00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:55,119
ever like when i was a kid you know

1097
00:41:58,309 --> 00:41:56,240
throw all the kids in the back of the

1098
00:42:00,550 --> 00:41:58,319
car and drive off but now everybody

1099
00:42:02,710 --> 00:42:00,560
wears seat belts because we've learned

1100
00:42:05,589 --> 00:42:02,720
that it is important for saving lives do

1101
00:42:07,349 --> 00:42:05,599
you think there's an analogy one one is

1102
00:42:09,030 --> 00:42:07,359
my conclusion was not that we should

1103
00:42:11,190 --> 00:42:09,040
stop the education effort please please

1104
00:42:12,870 --> 00:42:11,200
let me clarify that i think nasa should

1105
00:42:14,550 --> 00:42:12,880
continue to educate because we have to

1106
00:42:16,150 --> 00:42:14,560
because the learned society is a worthy

1107
00:42:17,670 --> 00:42:16,160
goal and you know we have to continue

1108
00:42:20,390 --> 00:42:17,680
that but i

1109
00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:20,400
what i meant to say was that if the goal

1110
00:42:24,790 --> 00:42:23,200
is to drive public policy change

1111
00:42:27,030 --> 00:42:24,800
then you know you may find that

1112
00:42:28,710 --> 00:42:27,040
education may not lead you to that

1113
00:42:30,790 --> 00:42:28,720
education in and of itself will be a

1114
00:42:33,270 --> 00:42:30,800
worthy goal but maybe it won't lead to

1115
00:42:35,750 --> 00:42:33,280
the public policy change that you want

1116
00:42:37,510 --> 00:42:35,760
that that was the point um but also on

1117
00:42:39,990 --> 00:42:37,520
the thread again it's this very unique

1118
00:42:42,069 --> 00:42:40,000
threat it's not car collisions it's not

1119
00:42:45,349 --> 00:42:42,079
you will see accident we've all seen car

1120
00:42:47,990 --> 00:42:45,359
accidents we have not all seen a really

1121
00:42:50,390 --> 00:42:48,000
um big catastrophic asteroid people had

1122
00:42:51,750 --> 00:42:50,400
seen an asteroid in but not not you know

1123
00:42:53,990 --> 00:42:51,760
not one that will scare you don't

1124
00:42:55,510 --> 00:42:54,000
connect the two yeah so you know in the

1125
00:42:57,990 --> 00:42:55,520
literature you will find that scientists

1126
00:42:59,349 --> 00:42:58,000
are very aware of you know crying wolf

1127
00:43:01,030 --> 00:42:59,359
and if they start

1128
00:43:02,550 --> 00:43:01,040
saying you know blowing up the threat

1129
00:43:04,630 --> 00:43:02,560
and saying that you know

1130
00:43:06,550 --> 00:43:04,640
comets and asteroids do impact the earth

1131
00:43:09,030 --> 00:43:06,560
every day and you know therefore a real

1132
00:43:10,630 --> 00:43:09,040
big impact can come at any moment um you

1133
00:43:12,470 --> 00:43:10,640
know they could be crying wolf and the

1134
00:43:14,309 --> 00:43:12,480
public may not like that because then

1135
00:43:16,150 --> 00:43:14,319
they will be proven wrong and and they

1136
00:43:18,150 --> 00:43:16,160
may not believe that message so

1137
00:43:19,990 --> 00:43:18,160
it's again it's also not saying that

1138
00:43:21,910 --> 00:43:20,000
that that effort should be discontinued

1139
00:43:23,670 --> 00:43:21,920
but it's that there's a challenge there

1140
00:43:25,430 --> 00:43:23,680
and that i don't think that just talking

1141
00:43:27,670 --> 00:43:25,440
about the issue and trying to explain it

1142
00:43:29,109 --> 00:43:27,680
the best way you can will solve that

1143
00:43:31,270 --> 00:43:29,119
yeah i just want to make sure i bring

1144
00:43:33,270 --> 00:43:31,280
linda in discussion by mentioning the

1145
00:43:35,589 --> 00:43:33,280
andromeda strain you know where we

1146
00:43:37,589 --> 00:43:35,599
combine the impacts and the microbes

1147
00:43:39,430 --> 00:43:37,599
together

1148
00:43:41,109 --> 00:43:39,440
we'll get to i'm going to turn first

1149
00:43:43,589 --> 00:43:41,119
assessment of this issue because there's

1150
00:43:44,950 --> 00:43:43,599
there's a small uh credible body of

1151
00:43:46,630 --> 00:43:44,960
research and science and risk

1152
00:43:49,430 --> 00:43:46,640
communication that

1153
00:43:52,230 --> 00:43:49,440
explains how

1154
00:43:54,470 --> 00:43:52,240
informing and educating non-expert

1155
00:43:56,710 --> 00:43:54,480
audiences about

1156
00:43:59,670 --> 00:43:56,720
science and risk

1157
00:44:02,309 --> 00:43:59,680
may not have the effect that you desire

1158
00:44:05,190 --> 00:44:02,319
in other words the more informed that a

1159
00:44:07,109 --> 00:44:05,200
non-expert becomes about a scientific or

1160
00:44:08,470 --> 00:44:07,119
technological issue

1161
00:44:12,710 --> 00:44:08,480
that

1162
00:44:14,630 --> 00:44:12,720
is a potential hazard or risk

1163
00:44:16,150 --> 00:44:14,640
the more they may decide this is a

1164
00:44:18,390 --> 00:44:16,160
problem they don't want to deal with it

1165
00:44:20,790 --> 00:44:18,400
could go you know it could go either way

1166
00:44:22,630 --> 00:44:20,800
so my feeling personally as a scholar

1167
00:44:24,470 --> 00:44:22,640
and as a citizen i think that it's an

1168
00:44:26,069 --> 00:44:24,480
obligation

1169
00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:26,079
on the part of

1170
00:44:31,030 --> 00:44:27,920
federal agencies and federally funded

1171
00:44:32,790 --> 00:44:31,040
researchers like myself uh to inform

1172
00:44:34,870 --> 00:44:32,800
anybody who wants to know about the work

1173
00:44:36,230 --> 00:44:34,880
that we do everything we do know it's

1174
00:44:37,990 --> 00:44:36,240
you know we're doing this in the public

1175
00:44:40,309 --> 00:44:38,000
interest but

1176
00:44:42,710 --> 00:44:40,319
education is not the key

1177
00:44:43,910 --> 00:44:42,720
it doesn't solve all your problems okay

1178
00:44:45,270 --> 00:44:43,920
question

1179
00:44:47,829 --> 00:44:45,280
all right thank you my name is steve

1180
00:44:50,790 --> 00:44:47,839
williams i'm i work in jim green shop as

1181
00:44:52,230 --> 00:44:50,800
the epo guy but i'm my i'm a detailee

1182
00:44:53,910 --> 00:44:52,240
from the national air space museum where

1183
00:44:55,349 --> 00:44:53,920
i was chair of education

1184
00:44:57,510 --> 00:44:55,359
so i've been working for the last 10

1185
00:44:59,430 --> 00:44:57,520
years with the general public and i

1186
00:45:02,470 --> 00:44:59,440
really wanted to resonate on

1187
00:45:04,150 --> 00:45:02,480
uh the discussion going back to greg and

1188
00:45:05,589 --> 00:45:04,160
some of the previous uh

1189
00:45:07,589 --> 00:45:05,599
responses

1190
00:45:09,430 --> 00:45:07,599
in how the public uh how we deal with

1191
00:45:12,230 --> 00:45:09,440
the public we are trying to drive

1192
00:45:15,910 --> 00:45:12,240
public perceptions okay we do a great

1193
00:45:17,750 --> 00:45:15,920
job with the specialist to be in their

1194
00:45:19,430 --> 00:45:17,760
educational process our good students

1195
00:45:20,630 --> 00:45:19,440
are as good as they ever were and

1196
00:45:22,950 --> 00:45:20,640
they're as

1197
00:45:25,270 --> 00:45:22,960
plentiful as they ever were but we're

1198
00:45:26,630 --> 00:45:25,280
doing a progressively less good job in

1199
00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:26,640
my opinion

1200
00:45:30,790 --> 00:45:28,160
in dealing with the public

1201
00:45:32,390 --> 00:45:30,800
uh in in the non-specialist now let's

1202
00:45:35,510 --> 00:45:32,400
see in a private universe and some of

1203
00:45:37,510 --> 00:45:35,520
these other things jaywalking

1204
00:45:38,710 --> 00:45:37,520
there are people who most people at

1205
00:45:41,349 --> 00:45:38,720
least the united states have a

1206
00:45:43,670 --> 00:45:41,359
fundamental misunderstanding of basic

1207
00:45:46,470 --> 00:45:43,680
science and if you're going to use a

1208
00:45:47,829 --> 00:45:46,480
risk assessment argument you're talking

1209
00:45:50,550 --> 00:45:47,839
to people who live on the san andreas

1210
00:45:51,349 --> 00:45:50,560
fault in the shadow of mount st helens

1211
00:45:53,510 --> 00:45:51,359
and

1212
00:45:55,349 --> 00:45:53,520
who actually believe that if they roll

1213
00:45:57,829 --> 00:45:55,359
sevens three times in a row they're

1214
00:45:59,589 --> 00:45:57,839
never going to roll a seven again

1215
00:46:01,270 --> 00:45:59,599
you know las vegas pays a lot of

1216
00:46:02,790 --> 00:46:01,280
electrical bills on these kinds of

1217
00:46:04,150 --> 00:46:02,800
misperceptions

1218
00:46:07,030 --> 00:46:04,160
so uh

1219
00:46:09,510 --> 00:46:07,040
my point is that uh we have to do the

1220
00:46:11,670 --> 00:46:09,520
same thing any kind of a mass uh

1221
00:46:13,510 --> 00:46:11,680
audience entertainment thing does the

1222
00:46:16,550 --> 00:46:13,520
reason that they have the little kid

1223
00:46:19,670 --> 00:46:16,560
with a crummy telescope discover the

1224
00:46:21,670 --> 00:46:19,680
killer asteroid is because the audience

1225
00:46:24,069 --> 00:46:21,680
would never identify with a real

1226
00:46:26,710 --> 00:46:24,079
scientist doing a real study using real

1227
00:46:28,470 --> 00:46:26,720
equipment that's foreign to them

1228
00:46:29,190 --> 00:46:28,480
they've got to feel like they're part of

1229
00:46:31,750 --> 00:46:29,200
the

1230
00:46:34,470 --> 00:46:31,760
participatory exploration process in

1231
00:46:36,390 --> 00:46:34,480
learning as well as space exploration

1232
00:46:38,390 --> 00:46:36,400
in our day the baby boomers i'll be

1233
00:46:41,109 --> 00:46:38,400
quick

1234
00:46:43,190 --> 00:46:41,119
wanted to use role models to stimulate

1235
00:46:44,309 --> 00:46:43,200
their imaginations but young people

1236
00:46:45,510 --> 00:46:44,319
today

1237
00:46:47,990 --> 00:46:45,520
don't do that

1238
00:46:50,470 --> 00:46:48,000
they're more attuned to mechanical

1239
00:46:52,069 --> 00:46:50,480
assistance electronic assistance to the

1240
00:46:54,390 --> 00:46:52,079
exploration process

1241
00:46:56,470 --> 00:46:54,400
so by approaching it that way and the

1242
00:46:59,349 --> 00:46:56,480
social media is a big help with that

1243
00:47:02,390 --> 00:46:59,359
is a big deal the one comment i feel

1244
00:47:03,750 --> 00:47:02,400
that more than any other since curiosity

1245
00:47:06,230 --> 00:47:03,760
added was

1246
00:47:08,390 --> 00:47:06,240
how cool is nasa these days they landed

1247
00:47:11,030 --> 00:47:08,400
a one ton craft on mars and one of the

1248
00:47:12,230 --> 00:47:11,040
guys that did it was wearing a mohawk

1249
00:47:14,150 --> 00:47:12,240
okay

1250
00:47:16,230 --> 00:47:14,160
never mind any of the science

1251
00:47:17,190 --> 00:47:16,240
they could identify with that and that's

1252
00:47:18,150 --> 00:47:17,200
what i would like to leave you with

1253
00:47:20,470 --> 00:47:18,160
sorry

1254
00:47:22,829 --> 00:47:20,480
now we have time for just two very brief

1255
00:47:25,670 --> 00:47:22,839
comments or questions would be even

1256
00:47:28,390 --> 00:47:25,680
better please okay i just thought it'd

1257
00:47:31,829 --> 00:47:28,400
be might be useful to add a couple of

1258
00:47:34,790 --> 00:47:31,839
numbers to the conversation that uh

1259
00:47:37,030 --> 00:47:34,800
much of the conversation in this entire

1260
00:47:38,549 --> 00:47:37,040
session has been limited to the united

1261
00:47:41,109 --> 00:47:38,559
states

1262
00:47:43,109 --> 00:47:41,119
but there is a self-selected group of

1263
00:47:46,870 --> 00:47:43,119
people out there members of the

1264
00:47:49,750 --> 00:47:46,880
planetary society in 100 countries the

1265
00:47:51,829 --> 00:47:49,760
planetary society exploded from nothing

1266
00:47:52,790 --> 00:47:51,839
to a hundred thousand members at its

1267
00:47:54,790 --> 00:47:52,800
founding

1268
00:47:56,150 --> 00:47:54,800
uh they're not that many now but they're

1269
00:48:00,230 --> 00:47:56,160
still in a hundred

1270
00:48:02,710 --> 00:48:00,240
countries uh and uh cost them forty five

1271
00:48:05,030 --> 00:48:02,720
dollars a year if they're not in the us

1272
00:48:06,150 --> 00:48:05,040
35 if they're here i think

1273
00:48:07,910 --> 00:48:06,160
but

1274
00:48:10,710 --> 00:48:07,920
i think it's relevant

1275
00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:10,720
to the whole conversation

1276
00:48:14,790 --> 00:48:13,680
to introduce the international element

1277
00:48:16,549 --> 00:48:14,800
here

1278
00:48:19,030 --> 00:48:16,559
the other thing i've been involved in

1279
00:48:21,750 --> 00:48:19,040
since i retired from jpl is the

1280
00:48:23,750 --> 00:48:21,760
international space university

1281
00:48:26,950 --> 00:48:23,760
which just celebrated its 25th

1282
00:48:29,750 --> 00:48:26,960
anniversary over across town

1283
00:48:31,990 --> 00:48:29,760
i'd like to see the conversation

1284
00:48:35,190 --> 00:48:32,000
continue to include

1285
00:48:37,030 --> 00:48:35,200
this other public that's out there

1286
00:48:39,270 --> 00:48:37,040
uh i realize that they don't have as

1287
00:48:42,150 --> 00:48:39,280
much influence perhaps no influence on

1288
00:48:43,990 --> 00:48:42,160
what happens in congress or whatever uh

1289
00:48:45,270 --> 00:48:44,000
but they are important because they're

1290
00:48:46,870 --> 00:48:45,280
supporters

1291
00:48:49,349 --> 00:48:46,880
yep that's thank you very much for those

1292
00:48:51,430 --> 00:48:49,359
comments and uh you know i i do want to

1293
00:48:53,270 --> 00:48:51,440
echo that and and remark that the

1294
00:48:55,990 --> 00:48:53,280
planetary society's

1295
00:48:57,270 --> 00:48:56,000
current vision is to cultivate a global

1296
00:49:00,470 --> 00:48:57,280
culture

1297
00:49:02,390 --> 00:49:00,480
that explores our earth and

1298
00:49:04,150 --> 00:49:02,400
other worlds so

1299
00:49:06,390 --> 00:49:04,160
the planters side is very much aware of

1300
00:49:08,710 --> 00:49:06,400
that and i encourage you all to

1301
00:49:10,790 --> 00:49:08,720
engage with that organization

1302
00:49:13,190 --> 00:49:10,800
yes please last question thank you honey

1303
00:49:15,750 --> 00:49:13,200
i'm john sykison from csiro this is to

1304
00:49:18,230 --> 00:49:15,760
to linda linda i just want to applaud

1305
00:49:21,109 --> 00:49:18,240
your efforts um in

1306
00:49:23,430 --> 00:49:21,119
correcting the public record about the

1307
00:49:25,270 --> 00:49:23,440
um the the bacteria that was found on

1308
00:49:28,309 --> 00:49:25,280
the apollo 12 camera

1309
00:49:30,069 --> 00:49:28,319
um as someone who works at parks and has

1310
00:49:33,990 --> 00:49:30,079
been researching the role of the apollo

1311
00:49:36,710 --> 00:49:34,000
missions over the last decade and a half

1312
00:49:37,750 --> 00:49:36,720
the film capricorn 1 has a lot to answer

1313
00:49:39,270 --> 00:49:37,760
for

1314
00:49:41,270 --> 00:49:39,280
and

1315
00:49:43,750 --> 00:49:41,280
you know once in the raid a narrative

1316
00:49:46,150 --> 00:49:43,760
takes hold in the public mind it's very

1317
00:49:47,670 --> 00:49:46,160
very difficult to to correct that

1318
00:49:49,510 --> 00:49:47,680
misconception

1319
00:49:56,790 --> 00:49:49,520
and

1320
00:49:58,630 --> 00:49:56,800
efforts on that

1321
00:50:01,030 --> 00:49:58,640
um also i think

1322
00:50:03,430 --> 00:50:01,040
nasa was founded partly to to boost

1323
00:50:05,030 --> 00:50:03,440
public morale in the united states and

1324
00:50:07,349 --> 00:50:05,040
and um

1325
00:50:09,910 --> 00:50:07,359
to demonstrate american

1326
00:50:11,750 --> 00:50:09,920
leadership in science and technology and

1327
00:50:13,750 --> 00:50:11,760
in many ways it's become a victim of its

1328
00:50:15,990 --> 00:50:13,760
own success

1329
00:50:18,309 --> 00:50:16,000
so you know when when something they do

1330
00:50:19,990 --> 00:50:18,319
nasa does do spectacular things like

1331
00:50:22,630 --> 00:50:20,000
land people on

1332
00:50:24,230 --> 00:50:22,640
on the moon and rovers on mars and so on

1333
00:50:26,309 --> 00:50:24,240
and so when something

1334
00:50:29,270 --> 00:50:26,319
does threaten the earth it's only

1335
00:50:31,349 --> 00:50:29,280
natural that people go to the to the

1336
00:50:33,990 --> 00:50:31,359
organization that has a proven record of

1337
00:50:36,390 --> 00:50:34,000
success to do that and so um

1338
00:50:38,430 --> 00:50:36,400
um and it's i don't think it's a it's a

1339
00:50:41,510 --> 00:50:38,440
an accident that deep impact in

1340
00:50:44,150 --> 00:50:41,520
armageddon um appeared just two or three

1341
00:50:46,390 --> 00:50:44,160
years after the comet schumacher level 9

1342
00:50:48,790 --> 00:50:46,400
impacts on jupiter

1343
00:50:50,870 --> 00:50:48,800
and nasa's fantastic

1344
00:50:54,069 --> 00:50:50,880
pr in publicizing that to the world with

1345
00:50:57,030 --> 00:50:54,079
the hubble images and so on um

1346
00:51:00,309 --> 00:50:57,040
so um you know i again lin i do applaud

1347
00:51:02,710 --> 00:51:00,319
you your efforts in in correcting that

1348
00:51:04,150 --> 00:51:02,720
that record thank you

1349
00:51:05,750 --> 00:51:04,160
i was having a little problem

1350
00:51:08,230 --> 00:51:05,760
coordinating my brain with my remote

1351
00:51:09,910 --> 00:51:08,240
finger and somehow other didn't show my

1352
00:51:11,349 --> 00:51:09,920
acknowledgement slide so there were a

1353
00:51:13,510 --> 00:51:11,359
lot of people who

1354
00:51:16,150 --> 00:51:13,520
collected the information i did a lot of

1355
00:51:18,549 --> 00:51:16,160
reading and a lot of research myself but

1356
00:51:19,990 --> 00:51:18,559
they're all acknowledged in the paper

1357
00:51:21,829 --> 00:51:20,000
so thank you all thank you to my

1358
00:51:23,510 --> 00:51:21,839
panelists um and it's been very

1359
00:51:29,190 --> 00:51:23,520
interesting and i'm turning this over to

1360
00:51:33,430 --> 00:51:31,349
thank you heidi and the gang of three

1361
00:51:35,270 --> 00:51:33,440
pale but certainly not stale ladies that

1362
00:51:37,030 --> 00:51:35,280
was a very stimulating

1363
00:51:38,630 --> 00:51:37,040
conversation and in fact the whole the

1364
00:51:40,069 --> 00:51:38,640
whole day has been

1365
00:51:46,549 --> 00:51:40,079
i think we should thank all of our

1366
00:51:51,270 --> 00:51:48,630
so so bill asked me if i might say a few

1367
00:51:53,589 --> 00:51:51,280
words to kind of wrap up today as we

1368
00:51:55,589 --> 00:51:53,599
segue over to the reception here

1369
00:51:57,510 --> 00:51:55,599
and uh

1370
00:51:59,349 --> 00:51:57,520
my mind has been expanded i mean setting

1371
00:52:01,190 --> 00:51:59,359
aside the fact that i'm a member of the

1372
00:52:02,230 --> 00:52:01,200
you know the program committee that put

1373
00:52:04,790 --> 00:52:02,240
this together

1374
00:52:06,069 --> 00:52:04,800
this has exceeded my expectations uh

1375
00:52:08,230 --> 00:52:06,079
tremendously

1376
00:52:10,390 --> 00:52:08,240
and i think the fact that everybody is

1377
00:52:12,230 --> 00:52:10,400
still glued to their seats since 8 30

1378
00:52:14,470 --> 00:52:12,240
this morning and still raring to go says

1379
00:52:16,230 --> 00:52:14,480
we probably all feel the same way

1380
00:52:18,470 --> 00:52:16,240
i don't know how you wrap up a day like

1381
00:52:20,710 --> 00:52:18,480
this because we've covered so much uh

1382
00:52:23,109 --> 00:52:20,720
territory and we've all learned so much

1383
00:52:24,790 --> 00:52:23,119
uh from it uh that it would probably

1384
00:52:27,829 --> 00:52:24,800
take a day to wrap the whole thing up

1385
00:52:30,309 --> 00:52:27,839
you know just the past day i did want to

1386
00:52:32,950 --> 00:52:30,319
uh to share with you one

1387
00:52:36,150 --> 00:52:32,960
major insight that i got from uh from

1388
00:52:38,950 --> 00:52:36,160
today's conversations uh that i didn't

1389
00:52:40,950 --> 00:52:38,960
really appreciate up until today and i

1390
00:52:42,549 --> 00:52:40,960
say that in spite of the fact that i've

1391
00:52:45,270 --> 00:52:42,559
personally had a passion for solar

1392
00:52:47,349 --> 00:52:45,280
system exploration for all of my life in

1393
00:52:49,270 --> 00:52:47,359
fact i have to tell the story

1394
00:52:50,150 --> 00:52:49,280
i was first

1395
00:52:52,309 --> 00:52:50,160
caught

1396
00:52:54,390 --> 00:52:52,319
i guess i should say bitten by the bug

1397
00:52:55,670 --> 00:52:54,400
of insatiable curiosity at the tender

1398
00:52:57,670 --> 00:52:55,680
age of seven

1399
00:52:59,030 --> 00:52:57,680
it was a starry summer night in rural

1400
00:53:00,710 --> 00:52:59,040
indiana

1401
00:53:03,270 --> 00:53:00,720
my brother and sister and i were in the

1402
00:53:05,109 --> 00:53:03,280
back seat of my dad's packard

1403
00:53:06,710 --> 00:53:05,119
convertible the top was down we were on

1404
00:53:09,190 --> 00:53:06,720
our way home from a drive-in movie

1405
00:53:11,190 --> 00:53:09,200
theater our heads were on the back you

1406
00:53:12,710 --> 00:53:11,200
know looking up at the starry skies the

1407
00:53:14,230 --> 00:53:12,720
you know the spectacular milky way

1408
00:53:15,349 --> 00:53:14,240
overhead because the skies were really

1409
00:53:18,790 --> 00:53:15,359
dark then

1410
00:53:20,470 --> 00:53:18,800
and heidi a spectacular bolide went

1411
00:53:22,630 --> 00:53:20,480
streaming overhead

1412
00:53:25,190 --> 00:53:22,640
exploded into two pieces with a loud

1413
00:53:26,950 --> 00:53:25,200
boom sparks flying out of it

1414
00:53:29,270 --> 00:53:26,960
it was unbelievable

1415
00:53:31,270 --> 00:53:29,280
so in unison i'm sure my brother and

1416
00:53:32,870 --> 00:53:31,280
sister and i all said the same thing dad

1417
00:53:35,270 --> 00:53:32,880
what was that

1418
00:53:37,910 --> 00:53:35,280
my father was a metallurgical engineer

1419
00:53:39,430 --> 00:53:37,920
and a great fan of science fiction and

1420
00:53:41,750 --> 00:53:39,440
we had been seeing science fiction

1421
00:53:43,829 --> 00:53:41,760
movies from a tender age but to his

1422
00:53:46,069 --> 00:53:43,839
credit he answered responsibly that

1423
00:53:48,069 --> 00:53:46,079
night

1424
00:53:49,190 --> 00:53:48,079
he said son i don't think it was a

1425
00:53:50,790 --> 00:53:49,200
spaceship

1426
00:53:52,549 --> 00:53:50,800
why don't we go to the library tomorrow

1427
00:53:55,030 --> 00:53:52,559
and we'll start researching it

1428
00:53:56,390 --> 00:53:55,040
and i've had this passion and i'm sure

1429
00:53:58,150 --> 00:53:56,400
that virtually everybody in this

1430
00:54:01,190 --> 00:53:58,160
audience has as well

1431
00:54:03,430 --> 00:54:01,200
so uh getting new insights you know at

1432
00:54:05,349 --> 00:54:03,440
this time at this phase of my career i'm

1433
00:54:07,190 --> 00:54:05,359
i'm really impressed by that the thing

1434
00:54:08,710 --> 00:54:07,200
that really hit me today

1435
00:54:13,430 --> 00:54:08,720
is

1436
00:54:15,829 --> 00:54:13,440
do but i've come to appreciate even more

1437
00:54:17,910 --> 00:54:15,839
just how tenuous our fate is

1438
00:54:21,190 --> 00:54:17,920
and i think that when jason

1439
00:54:23,430 --> 00:54:21,200
callahan gave his marvelous uh

1440
00:54:24,950 --> 00:54:23,440
background this uh this morning that's

1441
00:54:26,710 --> 00:54:24,960
when it really hit me i mean we've had

1442
00:54:27,990 --> 00:54:26,720
the ups and downs we've had the lost

1443
00:54:30,630 --> 00:54:28,000
decade

1444
00:54:33,510 --> 00:54:30,640
and you know it really takes a perfect

1445
00:54:35,349 --> 00:54:33,520
alignment of three major constituencies

1446
00:54:37,190 --> 00:54:35,359
to keep us on this track

1447
00:54:39,349 --> 00:54:37,200
we got the folks who are the well

1448
00:54:41,030 --> 00:54:39,359
they're really for jim is right i'll get

1449
00:54:42,549 --> 00:54:41,040
to the fourth one in a minute

1450
00:54:44,470 --> 00:54:42,559
one of them is

1451
00:54:45,670 --> 00:54:44,480
on capitol hill

1452
00:54:47,589 --> 00:54:45,680
another is at the other end of

1453
00:54:49,750 --> 00:54:47,599
pennsylvania avenue

1454
00:54:51,750 --> 00:54:49,760
there's a constituency within nasa the

1455
00:54:53,589 --> 00:54:51,760
senior leadership when they're all

1456
00:54:56,150 --> 00:54:53,599
aligned and the public the fourth is

1457
00:54:58,230 --> 00:54:56,160
behind all of this fantastic things

1458
00:55:00,309 --> 00:54:58,240
happen but what we have seen through the

1459
00:55:03,109 --> 00:55:00,319
history of the past 50 years is

1460
00:55:05,109 --> 00:55:03,119
most of the time they're not all aligned

1461
00:55:07,510 --> 00:55:05,119
and i've realized today from our

1462
00:55:09,190 --> 00:55:07,520
conversations that the thing that sees

1463
00:55:11,109 --> 00:55:09,200
us through those periods of time and the

1464
00:55:12,870 --> 00:55:11,119
reason that we're still here

1465
00:55:14,630 --> 00:55:12,880
is the leadership

1466
00:55:17,270 --> 00:55:14,640
that our community has produced the

1467
00:55:19,750 --> 00:55:17,280
people with the vision with the moxie

1468
00:55:21,430 --> 00:55:19,760
with the savvy the passion

1469
00:55:24,069 --> 00:55:21,440
and i should say the savvy to know how

1470
00:55:26,309 --> 00:55:24,079
to use it in order to beat back the odds

1471
00:55:28,789 --> 00:55:26,319
and keep things going most of them are

1472
00:55:29,829 --> 00:55:28,799
actually in this room here today or they

1473
00:55:32,390 --> 00:55:29,839
have been

1474
00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:32,400
and i personally want to say thank you

1475
00:55:36,069 --> 00:55:34,559
thank you very much and i'm looking at

1476
00:55:38,150 --> 00:55:36,079
two of them right now

1477
00:55:40,390 --> 00:55:38,160
for what you have done to keep this

1478
00:55:42,549 --> 00:55:40,400
enterprise alive and i think that as

1479
00:55:44,789 --> 00:55:42,559
long as we can continue to do the

1480
00:55:47,270 --> 00:55:44,799
exciting things that we have been doing

1481
00:55:49,109 --> 00:55:47,280
curiosity on mars all of the new things

1482
00:55:51,910 --> 00:55:49,119
that are in the pipeline we will

1483
00:55:53,990 --> 00:55:51,920
continue to inspire the next generation

1484
00:55:55,510 --> 00:55:54,000
of leaders like the folks in this room

1485
00:55:57,349 --> 00:55:55,520
who will keep us going that's what we're

1486
00:55:59,589 --> 00:55:57,359
going to need because times are going to

1487
00:56:01,109 --> 00:55:59,599
be tough and we got to keep doing the

1488
00:56:03,670 --> 00:56:01,119
exciting stuff

1489
00:56:05,430 --> 00:56:03,680
so

1490
00:56:07,670 --> 00:56:05,440
i wanted to say one other thing i mean

1491
00:56:10,230 --> 00:56:07,680
this has been a magical day for a lot of

1492
00:56:11,589 --> 00:56:10,240
reasons but i think several of us

1493
00:56:14,870 --> 00:56:11,599
commented before that when you put

1494
00:56:17,030 --> 00:56:14,880
together historians and sociologists and

1495
00:56:18,390 --> 00:56:17,040
scientists really cool things happen who

1496
00:56:20,950 --> 00:56:18,400
would have thought

1497
00:56:24,230 --> 00:56:20,960
and i think we owe a big debt of

1498
00:56:26,630 --> 00:56:24,240
gratitude to nasa's chief historian bill

1499
00:56:34,150 --> 00:56:26,640
berry and the national air space museum

1500
00:56:38,950 --> 00:56:36,150
who had the vision to bring together

1501
00:56:40,150 --> 00:56:38,960
this diverse eclectic group of people we

1502
00:56:41,670 --> 00:56:40,160
were starting to think about doing

1503
00:56:42,870 --> 00:56:41,680
something out in pasadena wait a minute

1504
00:56:44,390 --> 00:56:42,880
just a bunch of scientists sitting

1505
00:56:47,030 --> 00:56:44,400
around talking you guys have really made

1506
00:56:51,990 --> 00:56:47,040
this thing successful and i thank you

1507
00:56:55,190 --> 00:56:53,510
i'll take the second to disavow any

1508
00:56:56,870 --> 00:56:55,200
credit for uh this thing is a it's a

1509
00:56:59,349 --> 00:56:56,880
very big team effort so thanks to

1510
00:57:01,030 --> 00:56:59,359
everybody for the help um

1511
00:57:02,390 --> 00:57:01,040
two quick announcements one there's been

1512
00:57:04,150 --> 00:57:02,400
a lot of talk about planetary protection

1513
00:57:05,910 --> 00:57:04,160
this afternoon we actually produced a

1514
00:57:08,470 --> 00:57:05,920
book about planetary protection last

1515
00:57:10,710 --> 00:57:08,480
year called when biospheres collide in

1516
00:57:12,470 --> 00:57:10,720
the nasa history program and i'm sorry

1517
00:57:13,510 --> 00:57:12,480
that i didn't think to bring some copies

1518
00:57:14,549 --> 00:57:13,520
over because we have some copies of

1519
00:57:16,309 --> 00:57:14,559
other books we've done so we'll try and

1520
00:57:17,670 --> 00:57:16,319
get some copies of planet that planetary

1521
00:57:19,109 --> 00:57:17,680
protection book over here tomorrow

1522
00:57:20,069 --> 00:57:19,119
anybody wants a copy feel free to help

1523
00:57:21,750 --> 00:57:20,079
yourself

1524
00:57:23,829 --> 00:57:21,760
okay so paid announcement about our

1525
00:57:26,789 --> 00:57:23,839
products that over with let's turn to

1526
00:57:27,990 --> 00:57:26,799
the reception those of you who

1527
00:57:29,829 --> 00:57:28,000
signed up for the reception you're

1528
00:57:31,030 --> 00:57:29,839
welcome to join us on the far side of

1529
00:57:32,470 --> 00:57:31,040
the lobby over there in the space

1530
00:57:34,870 --> 00:57:32,480
experience center

1531
00:57:36,150 --> 00:57:34,880
you'll be given a ticket for a drink and

1532
00:57:37,270 --> 00:57:36,160
if you want more than one drink you'll

1533
00:57:39,109 --> 00:57:37,280
have to buy it yourself there'll be a

1534
00:57:42,230 --> 00:57:39,119
cash bar available there

1535
00:57:44,069 --> 00:57:42,240
if you're a civil servant and you've

1536
00:57:46,230 --> 00:57:44,079
accepted more than 50 dollars worth of

1537
00:57:48,309 --> 00:57:46,240
things from lockheed martin in the last

1538
00:57:50,789 --> 00:57:48,319
year you should

1539
00:57:53,670 --> 00:57:50,799
hand some money over to

1540
00:57:55,430 --> 00:57:53,680
kelly you want to stand up for us

1541
00:57:56,470 --> 00:57:55,440
kelly victor french specter our intern

1542
00:57:57,430 --> 00:57:56,480
is going to be manning the table and

1543
00:57:59,030 --> 00:57:57,440
there'll be some of the folks over there

1544
00:58:01,030 --> 00:57:59,040
too they'll be happy to take cash or a

1545
00:58:02,630 --> 00:58:01,040
check from you to cover any difference

1546
00:58:04,549 --> 00:58:02,640
there or if you or if you're a political

1547
00:58:05,829 --> 00:58:04,559
appointee and you're required to do that

1548
00:58:07,109 --> 00:58:05,839
the rules have changed a lot thanks to

1549
00:58:08,309 --> 00:58:07,119
our friends

1550
00:58:09,750 --> 00:58:08,319
who have had some issues with

1551
00:58:11,510 --> 00:58:09,760
conferences in the last couple years so

1552
00:58:14,150 --> 00:58:11,520
please be careful about it

1553
00:58:15,829 --> 00:58:14,160
attending to those issues